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Until the middle of the seventeenth century, little was understood about malaria, the deadly disease that decimated populations and crippled armies. A legend, however, persisted about a beautiful Spanish countess who was cured during a stay in Peru by drinking a medicine made from the bark of a miraculous tree. And so began the search for the elusive cinchona tree by a trio of British explorers who sought to rid the world of malaria. Today, in laboratories and research facilities, the hunt continues—this time for a vaccine against the disease that eludes all efforts to contain it.
- Sales Rank: #2892370 in Books
- Published on: 2003-05-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.36" h x .90" w x 5.50" l,
- Binding: Paperback
- 344 pages
From Publishers Weekly
Literally Italian for "bad air," malaria once plagued Rome, tropical trade routes and colonial ventures into India and South America and the disease has no known antidote aside from the therapeutic effects of the "miraculous" quinine. This first book from journalist Honigsbaum is a rousing history of the search for febrifuge or, more specifically, the rare red cinchona tree, the bark from which quinine is derived. Among the dozens of intrepid explorers, infantrymen and scholars who live out this history facing at once viciously territorial Peruvians, civil war in Ecuador, botanical sabotage and disastrous competition with nature Honigsbaum's narrative centers on three significant contributors: Richard Spruce, a botanist who, in spite of his chronically poor health, spent 15 agonizing years searching the Amazon and Andes for the bark; Charles Ledger, a determined trader of cinchona bark and alpaca wool, whose explorations of Bolivia and Chile left him economically devastated; and Sir Clements Markham, so-called father of polar exploration, who successfully transported the plant from Peru. Drawing upon diaries, the history of medicine and fair doses of myth and legend, this tale is impeccably researched; moreover, Honigsbaum's aptitude for clarifying epidemiology and disease organisms is rivaled only by his knack for telling tales of reeling adventure and colonialist history. Maps and notes; photos not seen by PW.
Copyright 2002 Cahners Business Information, Inc.
From Library Journal
Few young Americans have felt malaria's debilitating chills and fever or realize that it is still one of the world's major killers. This first book by British journalist Honigsbaum follows the adventures of the 19th century English naturalists and their Indian guides, who braved Andean peaks and fever ridden jungles to obtain quinine, a malaria cure derived from the bark of the rare cinchona tree. As British and Dutch colonists pushed into the tropics, the need for quinine exploded, and over harvested South American trees could not meet international demand. Honigsbaum dramatically recounts the quest to break the Andean monopoly and transport cinchona cuttings and seeds to India and Indonesia. Although quinine and its synthesized substitues are now widely available, 1.5 to 2.7 million people, most of them African children, die from malaria each year. Quinine's side effects and emerging drug resistant parasites make the development of a malaria vaccine an urgent mission, and Honigsbaum concludes with a parallel story of determined scientists who explore this modern "fever trail." Both a gripping adventure tale and a sobering reminder of malaria's continuing impact, this book is recommended for both public and academic libraries. Kathy Arsenault, Univ. of South Florida Lib. at St. Petersburg.
Copyright 2002 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Scientific American
Guadalcanal, November 1942. Another night of war. Aboveground, the air buzzed with mosquitoes and enemy ordnance. In foxholes, weary men in boots, fatigues and steel helmets sifted restlessly, counting the hours until dawn. If a soldier on Guadalcanal wanted to stay in one piece, a hole in the ground was the safest place to spend the night. But nocturnal refuge had its price: disease-bearing Anopheles mosquitoes. For proof, one need only to have visited the hospital field tent. There, by flickering electric lanterns, medics tended delirious patients whose blood swarmed with the delicate rings, crescents and clusters we know as malaria. During World War II, nearly half a million American servicemen came down with malaria. Atabrine, a drug that stained skin yellow and could also trigger psychosis, was the main defense. Why was real quinine, still the world's leading cure for malaria in the 1940s, so precious in the Pacific theater? Because 80 years earlier, cinchona--the natural source of quinine--was abducted from its native habitat in the Andean cloud forest. By the 20th century, virtually all the world's cinchona bark came from the island of Java. And by 1942, Java lay in Japanese hands. How the elusive cinchona, renowned for "febrifugal" powers since the 1600s, journeyed from South America to Dutch plantations in Java is a major thread of The Fever Trail. Lovingly researched and written by Mark Honigsbaum, former chief reporter for the Observer in London, this book is an adventure story cum historical account of dreams and schemes to steal the valuable tree with the crimson-lined leaf. In its closing chapters, The Fever Trail fast-forwards to malaria today: the stalled race to create a vaccine, the politics of new drug development and distribution, and, most troubling of all, the continued toll of Plasmodium falciparum. Falciparum is the malarial strain that killed in World War II and still kills one million to two million of the world's poor every year, especially in Africa. But first the back story, starring three leading cinchona hunters of the 19th century. Honigsbaum, who retraced their steps, lists them as "Richard Spruce, a hypochondriac Yorkshireman and moss collector who, despite his fear of disease, spent fifteen years wandering the Amazon and the Andes on behalf of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew; Charles Ledger, a cockney trader who came to Peru to make his fortune at the age of eighteen and left South America broken and penniless after a series of incredible expeditions through Bolivia and Chile; and Sir Clements Markham, the patron of Robert Scott's two expeditions to the Antarctic and the so-called father of polar exploration." The story of Ledger's loyal guide, Manuel Mamani, is one of The Fever Trail's poignant subplots. According to Honigsbaum, Mamani was the unsung hero who collected the seeds that later spawned Java's quinine-rich bark. At Ledger's behest, Mamani returned to the forest for more seeds, only to suffer a brutal imprisonment for threatening Bolivia's cinchona monopoly. Within days of his release, he was dead. Clements Markham was another idealist whose quest for cinchona ended on a melancholy note. Son of a canon to the royal court at Windsor, himself a noted historian and explorer of Peru, Markham was the most philanthropic of the Andean botanical explorers. Along with Florence Nightingale, he decried malaria's toll of death and disability on Britain's colonial subjects and shared her dream of saving them through better sanitation and treatment. Years later Markham's dream was dashed. Yes, the worldwide price of quinine had plummeted, thanks to Java's prolific Cinchona ledgeriana groves. But lives lost to human greed far outweighed lives saved by less costly malaria pills. One villain was Britain's East India Company, whose punitive taxes and neglect of public works fueled outbreaks of malaria, cholera and other infectious diseases. The other culprit? Cold commerce. In Honigsbaum's words, "There was a limit to philanthropy and in India the British had reached it. If any profits were to be made from the bark in the future, they would come from selling quinine to those who could afford it--in other words, 'rich' Europeans and Americans." This north-south disparity continues today. It's reflected in brisk sales of expensive new malaria drugs for safari-goers while an African child dies of malaria every 30 seconds following second-rate treatment or no treatment at all. To be sure, decades of worsening resistance by P. falciparum, skyrocketing pharmaceutical costs and changing patterns of transmission have upped the ante of conquering the ancient blood-borne parasite. But the sad truth is, we don't have to wait for a malaria vaccine. Were there the international will and infrastructure, currently available drugs could yet achieve Markham's dream. Meanwhile the U.S. military has recently beefed up its ongoing malaria research, both for the protection of troops and, perhaps, for a larger purpose Honigsbaum never mentions. Could it be, post- September 11, that global security might hinge not just on strategic accords but on more muscled control of the worldwide plagues of the poor? Read between the lines of The Fever Trail. An all-out commitment to curing malaria in this century is no longer foreign aid in the grand noblesse oblige tradition. It's an investment in humankind, global economic health and our own self-interest.
Claire Panosian Dunavan is professor of medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, a specialist in infectious and tropical diseases, and a medical journalist. Her father served nine months on Guadalcanal in 1942-43, where he, like many others, suffered repeated attacks of malaria.
Most helpful customer reviews
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
The True Cost of Things We Take for Granted
By David B Richman
"The Fever Trail" is a remarkable tale of the quest for a cure for malaria. Unfortunately the early and hard won triumphs of quinine have been somewhat short lived. Now malaria threatens us again throughout the warmer parts of the planet, but the quinine story is none the less riveting for that. Quinine is no longer the preferred treatment for the disease, but it made exploration of the tropics by Europeans possible, as well as making parts of Europe and North America more habitable. The difficulties and missteps involved in the development of quinine are echoed in just about every drug, food or other product that we now take for granted. Such items as honey, sugar, antibiotics, nuclear power, crop varieties, domestic animals, plastics, computers, etc., each have their own stories and at least some of these need to be more emphasized to make us all less complacent. The message is that knowledge is often hard won and needs to be respected. It can also (as in nuclear power) be a double-edged sword.
While the author often rambles, I did not find this too much of a distraction. Instead I was (as I say above) impressed by how human perseverance and even deviousness had managed to overcome huge obstacles to deliver the miracle drug quinine to the outside world. This part of the malaria story has been seldom told in a popular book until now and "The Fever Trail" is very noteworthy for this reason.
The later chapters cover discovery of the malarial parasite, the modern era of anti-malarial drugs, and the attempts to develop a vaccine, parts of the malaria story that several other authors have dealt with as well. The complexities of developing a vaccine are now more appreciated than they were when various researchers started working on the problem and made unsubstantiated and very rosy predictions which proved overblown. Malaria still threatens us and the long battle with this "tropical" disease is far from over. If nothing else, Mark Honigsbaum has reminded of this.
12 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
The Quest for Quinine
By Rob Hardy
Malaria is still with us and getting worse. The story of the complicated, centuries-long battle against the disease that kills about a million people a year in Africa alone is well told in _The Fever Trail: In Search of the Cure for Malaria_ by Mark Honigsbaum. It is a story of astonishing human hardship in the effort (not always inspired by riches) to get understanding and control of the disease, but it is sadly clear by the end of the tale that despite the optimism of individual researchers, the tiny parasites borne by mosquitoes all over the world are simply too complicated for us to control any time soon.
Much of the effort to cure malaria was sparked as Europeans spread over the world and found their lives in jeopardy from it. The Jesuits learned (perhaps from the Indians) about the bark from the cinchona tree, and the church recommended its use. Physicians in northern Europe, however, were deeply suspicious of such a papist and Jesuitical drug; Cromwell, according to legend, refused the "Popish remedy," and died. Even-tually the efficacy of the drug triumphed over religious bigotry. Much of The Fever Trail has to do with the nineteenth century race to steal specimens and get them to plantations owned by Europeans. In particu-lar, the efforts of three Englishmen, who in independent efforts, suffered unbelievable deprivations on the trail which are well described here. Strangely, the British efforts amounted to little. The Dutch bought seeds for £20 from one of the explorers, and they happened to be the very best specimens. They went to Java, grown in scientifically designed plantations, and the Dutch cornered the market on quinine.
If quinine were a real cure, malaria might now be as dead as smallpox. However, the parasite that causes the disease has a complicated life cycle within mosquitoes and humans, and is not so easily banished. It has become resistant to quinine and the other antimalarial drugs derived from quinine. The attempt by the World Health Organization to use DDT to blitz the mosquito forever from the Earth was a failure that showed just how resourceful evolution could be in making mosquitoes resistant as well. What is needed is a foolproof vaccine, but although we have vaccines against various viral illnesses, no one has been able to invent one that works against a parasite. The attempts to develop a vaccine, the complicated finances of making drugs that can be used in impoverished countries, and the advantages of the mosquito net (whose inventor, David Livingstone said, deserved a statue in Westminster Abbey) are all covered in a fascinating book that reads like dispatches from a long, losing war. With the prospect of global warming extending the reach of the mosquitoes, it may be that the worst of the war is yet to come.
13 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
nearly very good
By Orrin C. Judd
Good God, when I consider the melancholy fate of so many of botany's votaries, I am tempted to ask whether men are in their right mind
who so desperately risk life and everything else through the love of collecting plants.
-Carolus Linnaeus, Glory of the Scientist
If you've ever read James Clavell's great novel, Tai-Pan--and if you haven't, shame on you--you'll recall that when Dirk Struan's beloved Chinese mistress, May-may, comes down with malaria, the proud Protestant trader is forced to go hat in hands to the Catholic bishop to secure a cure for her : cinchona bark. As Clavell renders the tale, only the Catholics, thanks to the presence of their missionaries in South America have access and no the secrets of this marvelous remedy.
Well, comes now Mark Honigsbaum to reveal the remarkable true story behind cinchona bark, of its discovery, of the realization that the quinine that can be derived from the bark can cure malaria (though certain trees produce more quinine), of the attempts of the natives to maintain a monopoly on it, and of the colonial adventurers who set out to steal it from them. The bulk of the book is taken up with exciting expeditions into the Andes in search of the bark, led by men like Richard Spruce, Charles Ledger, and Clements Markham. But these stories eventually begin to run together and as they pile atop one another the feats performed no longer seem so remarkable. The author also has something of an axe to grind, referring to the eventual illicit exportation of the cinchona trees to Java and India which broke the South American monopoly as one of history's greatest robberies. this has the unfortunate effect of making the heroes of the book come across simultaneously as villains. Moreover, it seems a debatable point whether the "robbery" was justified, since the original bark exporters proved unable to meet demand and since for those with malaria access to the medicine it produces can be a matter of life and death.
Even today malaria still kills as many from one and a half to three million people a year and Mr. Honigsbaum ends with a section on the current science and the ongoing search for a cure. One of the more promising lines of research appears to involve a DNA vaccine, taking DNA from the mosquito-born parasite that causes malaria and injecting it into muscle in order to get the immune system to produce T cells that will attack the parasite when it appears in the body. this is all interesting enough, but has the feel of having been tacked on to flesh out the book.
Ultimately this seems a case where less would have been better. For instance, had Mr. Honigsbaum just told the story of one of the cinchona hunters. Or perhaps he might have gone the historical novel route and combined some of the characters. As it stands, while much of the background on malaria is fascinating and the various searches for cinchona are exciting, the narrative ends up being a bit too diffused. One never really has a sense that the author had a necessary end point he was trying to reach, and so he seems to be meandering. Some of the meanders prove worthwhile in their own rights, but the attention does begin to wander. It's a book worth reading but it's frustrating in that one suspects a better book lurks within.
GRADE : C+
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